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We also propose a novel hybrid platform model that could, at least partially, resolve many of the socio-technical issues associated with peer review, and potentially disrupt the entire scholarly communication system.

We conclude that there is considerable scope for new peer review initiatives to be developed, each with their own potential issues and advantages. Ideally, any new systems will demonstrate that they out-perform and reduce the biases of existing models as much as possible. We examine the functionality of a range of social Web platforms, and compare these with the traits underlying a viable peer review system: quality control, quantified performance metrics as engagement incentives, and certification and reputation. These developments prompted us to examine emerging models of peer review from a range of disciplines and venues, and to ask how they might address some of the issues with our current systems of peer review. With the advent of web technologies, we are now witnessing a phase of innovation and experimentation in our approaches to peer review. What is its role in our modern digital research and communications infrastructure? Does it perform to the high standards with which it is generally regarded? Studies of peer review have shown that it is prone to bias and abuse in numerous dimensions, frequently unreliable, and can fail to detect even fraudulent research. In spite of its importance, the status and purpose of peer review is often contested. Peer review of research articles is a core part of our scholarly communication system. Madan, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 30 Lisa Matthias, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 31 Jesper Nørgaard Kjær, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 32 Daniel Paul O'Donnell, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 33 Cameron Neylon, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 34 Sarah Kearns, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 35 Manojkumar Selvaraju, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 36, 37 and Julien Colomb, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing 38

Katz, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 19, 20, 21, 22 Bastian Greshake Tzovaras, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 23 Josmel Pacheco-Mendoza, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 24 Nazeefa Fatima, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 25 Marta Poblet, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 26 Marios Isaakidis, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 27 Dasapta Erwin Irawan, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 28 Sébastien Renaut, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 29 Christopher R. Niemeyer, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 15 Tony Ross-Hellauer, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 16 Sara Mannheimer, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 17 Lillian Rigling, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 18 Daniel S. Berg, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 14 Kyle E. Pikas, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 9 Tom Crick, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 10 Paola Masuzzo, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 11, 12 Anthony Caravaggi, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 13 Devin R. Collister, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 8 Christina K.

Jacques, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 5 François Waldner, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 5 Daniel Mietchen, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 6 Yehia Elkhatib, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 7 Lauren B. Dugan, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 3 Daniel Graziotin, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, 4 Damien C. Tennant, Conceptualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing, a, 1, 2 Jonathan M.